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Sumit Singhal
Sumit Singhal loves modern architecture. He comes from a family of builders who have built more than 20 projects in the last ten years near Delhi in India. He has recently started writing about the architectural projects that catch his imagination. Jetavana Buddhist Temple in Gangwon-do, South Korea by studio_GAONMay 9th, 2019 by Sumit Singhal
Article source: studio_GAON The Middle Way (Madhyamā-pratipad) is not the kind of enlightenment that comes at the end of suffering, but something that is ‘pleasant from the beginning, the middle and the end.’ Such is the core idea of Buddhism. The story was very fresh to me, having only very flat knowledge of the religion beforehand. The client, who told the tale, asked us to build a temple with the concept of Four Noble Truths (Saseongje) and Noble Eightfold Path (Paljeongdo). The temple is a house of the Buddha who has reached nirvana, and for the religious seeking to reach nirvana.  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park
 Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park
 Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park Two years ago, a monk with a slender body and an intelligent look, came to our office. With very concise and neat remarks, he told us that he was planning to build a Buddhist temple named 'Jetavana Seon (Zen) Center'. The design of temple for meditation and asceticism had already begun on the opposite mountain, and he was looking for an architect to design a facility called 'Kuti' (private accommodation meaning 'cabin') that will be separately built for believers to stay. One afternoon in May, the cool conversation, like a cool early autumn breeze, adding here and there a clumsy story about Buddhism that I knew a little bit, came to an end with his saying “So where do I sign to entrust the design?”  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park Strictly speaking, I am not a Buddhist. But I think that the basic spirit of all religions have something in common. I have a very ignorant and brave idea that the form of religion has changed only because of the historical situation and the various circumstances of the time when the religion was settled. In addition, since I am an architect, I am familiar with old houses including temples, high-class traditional Korean houses, and folk-houses. So I have to confess that I have a bit of old-fashioned view of architecture. I believe that building a temple was making a space that forms a process of going through the order, from Iljumun Gate (One Pillar Gate) and Cheonwang Gate (the temple gate dedicated to the Four Deva) to Bosaldan and Sinjungdan, and this is what I told monk on our first meeting, which formed the starting point for the work.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park “Religion, although the goal maybe different, is the way to reach somewhere.” And, to the extent of my knowledge, this is quite evident in the iconography of Buddhist Great Master Uisang <Beopseonge(法性偈)>. In fact, our religious architecture, especially Buddhist architecture, reveals an excellent interpretation of such a path and a marvellous sense of space. It tells a very wise solution, where it takes a few twists and turns, or swings around, rather than a straight line, and where topography and religious doctrine naturally melt in architecture.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim The location to build the Seon (Zen) Center is in Chuncheon in terms of administrative district, but in fact it was a town called Gangchon, quite familar to me because I frequently visited there during college years or passed through with my friends on Gyeongchun railway Line. The site was a little narrow rice paddy facing an asphalt-paved road, a little narrower than two lanes but a little bit wider than one lane, passing through an idle village. Looking at the land, I planned the Kuti where the believers, who spend a few days to practice asceticism in the Seon (Zen) Room, will stay. Initially, I planned to make an overlapping square way, in which people would walk and meditate.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park As the design continued, I heard interesting tales of Buddhist stories from the head monk of Seon Seon(Zen) Center. Among the guideline of the design that the monk suggested, the Four Noble Truths stands out, which deal with suffering, and the cause of suffering, and the way to remove them. This became the basic concept since this building is a space for asceticism in order to escape from suffering caused by obsession. Another impressive story was the concept of 'Middle Way (Madhyamā-pratipad)', meaning “Pleasant from beginning to end”. The concept was exciting. We live in strange obsession where living an idle, joyful life is considered like wasting time. In such an obsession, people are withering more and more. Wouldn’t it be so liberating if someone tells you “You can just have fun in life”!  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park That was the original teaching of Buddha, but over many years, many historical and local elements were added and the original spirit of Buddhism was severely damaged. The discussion sessions with the client was spent on listening to stories, not discussing the design.. In the course of a few months, major facilities such as Buddhist sanctuary and Seon (Zen) Room which were supposed to built on the opposite mountain, moved into the site we were designing. To that end, the adjoining land was added.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park Jetavana is a Sanskrit, meaning “The Forest of Prince Zeta.” It is called 'Jetavānā-nāthapiṇda dasyārāma' in Chinese characters and is abbreviated as Jetavana. Sudatta was busy looking for a land to build a temple for Buddha and eventually found the desired land. The land owner was Prince Zeta, and he said, “I will give you the land as much as you spread gold coins here,” as an expression of his polite refusal to sell it. Sudatta then really began to lay gold coins on the land, and Prince Zeta was surprised and stopped him. Eventually Jetavana was built on this land, and it became the place that Sakyamuni stayed for the longest in his living years, naturally becoming a holy place.  Image Courtesy © Youngchae Park  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim In the course of design, I wanted to plan the temple for a modern lifestyle, embracing the old ways and Buddhist doctrines. Also, the head monk of Seon (Zen) Center was quite intent on returning to the original values of Buddhism. To restore the Buddhist basic spirit that Sakyamuni annotated and preached while sitting in Jetavana, this spirit was the biggest foundation for designing Jetavana Seon (Zen) Center.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim In that sense, a brick, which symbolizes the remains of Jetavana, was an obvious choice. Unlike most traditional Korean temples, it was not built as a hanok, but we built the frames with a concrete structure and put bricks on them. But, considering the existing layout of traditional temple buildings, the path going inward through Iljumun Gate was designed to swerve three times, and by using the original elevation of the site topography, three stages were formed so that Jongmuso(temple office), Kuti, Yosache(temple house), and Buddhist sanctuary were placed according to the hierarchical order. It was a very old yet very innovative approach.  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim  Image Courtesy © Yongkwan Kim After a one-year design period, the construction begun. The space was completed with a total of 300,000 bricks used on building the frames, laying bricks outside, and spreading bricks on the floor. The construction also took a year. Throughout the year, I joyfully undertook the supervision, solving some difficult problems, polishing the land, building the house, and planting trees. Thus, the space was completed, where the spirit of Middle Way “pleasant from beginning to end” pervades the house both indoors and out.  Image Courtesy © studio_GAON  Elevation, Image Courtesy © studio_GAON  Image Courtesy © studio_GAON
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Tags: Gangwon-do, South Korea Category: Temple |
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